Oxford Handbook of Critical Care Nursing
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Oxford Handbook of Critical Care Nursing

Oxford Medicine Online
 

Index

A

abdominal injuries [link]

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)[link]

initial managment [link]
12-lead ECG changes [link]
myocardial infarction [link]
physical assessment [link]
risk factors [link]

acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage[link]

bleeding manifestation [link]
fluid resuscitation [link]
haematemesis [link]
initial assessment [link]
malaena [link]
management of [link]

acute glomerulonephritis[link]

causes of [link]
post-infectious causes [link]
renal diseases [link]
systemic causes [link]

acute heart failure[link]

clinical features [link]
investigations [link]
major causes [link]
management of [link]

acute liver failure[link]

classification of[link]
acute liver failure [link]
hyper acute liver failure [link]
sub-acute liver failure [link]
management of[link]
coagulopathy [link]
encephalopathy [link]
renal failure, and hepato-renal syndrome [link]
precipitating causes [link]

acute renal failure[link][link][link][link]

causes of [link]
hepato-renal syndrome [link]
investigations and diagnosis[link]
diagnostic results [link]
investigations [link]
management of[link]
airway and breathing [link]
circulation [link]
fluid balance [link]
nutrition [link]
other [link]
post-renal[link]
bladder obstruction [link]
extra-ureteral [link]
intra-ureteral [link]
raised intra-abdominal pressure [link]
urethral obstruction [link]
pre-renal[link]
hypotension [link]
hypovolaemia [link]
obstructive hypotension [link]
renal (intrinsic)[link]
acute interstitial nephritis [link]
cortical necrosis [link]
renal shutdown [link]
tubular damage [link]
vascular [link]

acute respiratory distress syndrome see ARDS

acute tubular necrosis (ATN) [link]

Addison’s disease[link]

Addisonian crisis [link]
aldosterone, lack of [link]
androgens, lack of [link]
cortisol, lack of [link]
diagnosis [link]
relative adrenal insufficiency [link]

adenosine[link]

indications [link]
side effects [link]

admission guidelines [link]

adrenaline [link], [link], [link]

aldosterone [link]

alfentanil [link]

alteplase [link]

amiodarone[link][link]

cardiac arrest [link]
dosage [link]
indications [link]
side effects [link]

amniotic fluid embolism (AFE)[link]

features [link]
management [link]

amphetamines [link]

anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reaction[link]

causes of [link]
management of [link]
symptoms of [link]

androgens [link]

aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)[link]

causes of [link]
clinical status on admission (GCS) [link]
complications[link]
cerebral vasospasm [link]
hydrocephalus [link]
rebleeding [link]
seizures [link]
diagnosis[link]
cerebral angiography [link]
computerized tomography [link]
digital subtraction angiography [link]
lumbar puncture [link]
drug therapy [link]
patient care[link]
BP [link]
ECG changes [link]
electrolyte imbalance [link]
headache/nausea [link]
intubation, sedation [link]
neurological assessment [link]
raised ICP [link]
saline solution [link]
precautions/contraindications [link]
saccular aneurysm [link]
treatment[link]
endovascular: coiling [link]
surgical: clipping [link]
WFNS (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons) Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Grading Scale [link]

angina pectoris[link]

12-lead ECG [link]
management [link]
physical assessment/investigations [link]

anticholinesterase agents [link]

anticoagulation therapy[link][link]

activated clotting time (ACT) [link]
activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) [link]
assessment tests [link]
direct thrombin inhibitors [link]
filter clotting, troubleshooting [link]
heparin [link]
prostacycline/epoprostenol (PGI2) or prostol (PGE1) [link]
thrombolytics [link]
warfarin [link]
whole blood partial thromboplastin time (WBPTT) [link]

antidepressants see tricyclic antidepressant poisoning

aortic dissection [link]

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)[link][link][link][link]

definition [link]
disorders associated with [link]
outcomes [link]
pathogenesis of [link]
patient assessment [link]
prone positioning [link]

argatroban [link]

arrhythmias[link][link]

anti-arrhythmic drugs [link], [link]
axis calculation [link]
causes of [link]
impulse conduction disorders [link], [link]
impulse formation disorders [link], [link]
metabolic changes [link]
Q-T interval, monitoring [link], [link]
renal disorders [link]

arterial blood gases[link][link]

acidosis/alkalosis alterations [link]
metabolic derangement [link]
normal values [link], [link]
respiratory capability [link]

assays, antibiotic [link]

asthma, acute[link]

assessment [link]
complications, avoidance of[link]
air-trapping [link]
barotrauma, avoiding [link]
sputum plugging and lobar collapse [link]
managment[link]
airway and breathing [link]
antibiotics [link]
bronchospasm and inflammation, reduction of [link]
circulation [link]
respiratory function support [link]
sedatives [link]

atenolol [link], [link]

atropine [link]

azathioprine [link]

B

barbiturates [link]

bed availability [link]

benzodiazepines [link], [link], [link], [link]

beta-adrenergic blockers [link]

bilirubin [link]

bispectral index monitoring (BIS™) [link]

bivalarudin [link]

blast injury[link]

assessment of [link]
blast wave (primary injury) [link]
management of [link]
secondary injuries [link]

blood/blood products[link]

cryoprecipitate [link]
fresh frozen plasma (FFP) [link]
frozen red cells [link]
packed red cells [link]
platelets [link]
stored whole blood [link]

blood cells[link]

blood cell types [link]
normal values [link]
terms associated with[link]
agranulocytosis [link]
anaemia [link]
eosinophilia [link]
leukocytosis [link]
leukopenia [link]
lymphocytosis [link]
monocytosis [link]
neutropenia [link]
polycythaemia [link]
thrombocytopenia [link]

blood count[link]

haemoglobin [link]
normal values [link]
platelets [link]
white blood cells[link]
basophils [link]
eosinophils [link]
lymphocytes [link]
monocytes [link]
neutrophils [link]

blood gas analysis[link]

acid-base disturbances [link]
acidosis/alkalosis alterations [link]
arterial blood gases, normal values [link]
blood gas analyser [link]
sample, taking [link] see also arterial blood gases

blood pressure[link]

blood flow [link]
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) [link]
monitoring[link]
arterial waveform [link]
cannula removal [link]
complications [link]
invasive arterial monitoring [link]
mean arterial pressure (MAP) [link]
non-invasive techniques [link]
pulse pressure [link]
safety [link]
transduced pressure monitoring system [link]
neurological assessment [link]
regulation[link]
capilliary fluid shift mechanism [link]
heart rate and contractility [link]
neural control [link]
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) mechanism [link]
vasomotor tone [link] see also hypertension; hypotension

blood transfusions

adverse reactions to[link]
acute haemolytic reactions [link]
circulatory overload [link]
febrile non-haemolytic reactions [link]
transfusion-associated graft versus host disease [link]
transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) [link]
electrolyte disturbances [link]
hazards of[link]
acid-base and electrolyte disturbances [link]
bacterial contamination [link]
disease transmission [link]
haeostatic failure [link]
hypocalcaemia [link]
hypothermia [link]

brain abscess [link]

brain injury see head injuries; neurological care; traumatic brain injury

brainstem testing, and organ donation[link][link]

acoustic (VIII), abducens (VI) (pons) [link]
apnoea testing [link]
brainstem death (BSD) [link]
cervical spine management [link]
documentation [link]
facial (VII), accessory (XI) (midbrain and medulla) [link]
glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) (medulla) [link]
ICP directed therapy [link]
limb and trunk movements [link]
optic (II), oculomotor (III) (midbrain) [link]
organ donor, approaching family of [link]
patient care [link]
sympathetic storming and agitation [link]
testing equipment [link]
test procedure [link]
trigeminal (V), facila (VII) (midbrain) [link]

bretylium [link]

bronchopleural fistulae [link]

burn injuries[link]

classification [link]
initial management [link]
‘rule of 9’ [link]
subsequent management [link]

burnout [link]

C

Caesarean section, preparation for [link]

calcium[link][link]

hypercalcaemia [link]
hypocalcaemia [link]
normal plasma values [link]

CAM-ICU (confusion assessment method for ICU) [link]

capnography[link][link]

capnogram [link], [link]
end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) [link]
method [link]

captopril [link]

carbon monoxide poisoning[link]

complications [link]
investigations [link]
management [link]
symptoms [link]

cardiac arrest[link]

adult advanced life support algorithm [link]
drug treatment [link]
initial management [link]
ongoing management [link]
pregnant patient[link]
causes [link]
CPR, and advanced life support (ACLS) [link]
physiological changes [link]
reversible causes [link]

cardiac output monitoring[link]

Doppler ultrasound [link]
peripheral dilution techniques[link]
cautions [link]
dye dilution [link]
lithium dilution [link]
peripheral thermodilution [link]
pressure waveform analysis [link]
pulse contour analysis (PiCCO) [link], [link]
thermodilution techniques[link]
continuous [link]
disadvantages [link]
potential errors [link]
problems associated with [link]
techniques [link]
thoracic bio-impedence [link]

cardiac performance[link][link]

afterload [link]
cardiac output (CO) [link], [link]
contractility [link]
heart rate [link]
preload [link]
stroke volume (SV) [link]

cardiac tamponade [link] see also pericardial tamponade

cardial injury markers[link]

brain (or B-type) natri-uretic peptide (BNP) [link]
cardial enzymes [link]
troponins [link]

cardiogenic shock see acute heart failure

cardiomyopathy[link]

dilated [link]
hypertropic [link]
management [link]
restrictive [link]

cardiovascular system[link]

blood flow through heart [link]
cardiac cycle pressure changes [link]
heart, cross-section diagram [link]
pulmonary circulation [link]
systemic circulation [link]
transport role [link]

central venous pressure[link]

catheter use [link]
conditions affecting [link]
measurement of [link]
uses [link]
waveform [link]

chest injuries[link]

aortic rupture [link]
diaphragmatic rupture [link]
haemo/pneumothoraces [link]
major airway injuries [link]
myocardial contusions [link]
nursing priorities [link]
pericardial tamponade [link]
pulmonary contusions [link]
rib fractures [link]

chest pain[link]

causes of [link]
haemodynamic monitoring [link]
history [link]
investigations [link]
physical assessment [link]
types of [link]

chlorpromazine [link]

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[link]

mechanical ventilation [link]
nutrition [link]
respiratory function support [link]
weaning [link]

class I drugs (arrhythmias) [link]

class II drugs (arrhythmias) [link]

class III drugs (arrhythmias) [link]

class IV drugs (arrhythmias) [link]

clinical audit[link]

benchmarking [link]
ensuring effective [link]
standards of care [link]

clonodine [link]

clotting disorders[link]

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) [link]
haemophilia [link]
liver disease [link]
uraemia [link]

CNS infection [link]

coagulation monitoring[link]

basic coagulation screen [link]
normal values [link]
specific tests [link]

cocaine [link]

communication skills

family and loved ones[link]
family needs [link]
family needs, meeting [link]
patient[link][link]
communication aids [link]
cricically ill patients [link]
faciltiation of [link]
intubated patients devices [link]
nursing skills [link]
problems of [link]
stressors, in critical care [link]
team[link]
decision-making point [link]
handover structure [link]
mutual respect [link]
team effectiveness [link]
team groupings [link]
team leader [link]

conscious level assessment [link], [link], [link]

constipation[link]

critically ill patients [link]
enteral nutrition [link]
laxatives [link]
management of [link]
neurological care [link]

cortisol [link], [link]

creatine [link], [link]

critical care[link]

best practice factors [link]
components of [link]
cost factors [link]
defining [link]
monitoring impact of [link]
mortality rates [link]
negative aspects of [link]
outcomes [link]
patient’s perspective [link]
who benefits from [link]

critical care continuum[link]

acutely unwell patient, recognition [link]
critical care, hospital-wide [link]
critical care outreach [link]
emergency recognition/response[link]
ABC approach [link]
acute deterioration, recognition of [link]
early warning score [link]
immediate responses[link]
hypotension [link]
hypoxaemia [link]
hypoxia [link]
post-critical care discharge interventions[link]
re-admission prevention [link]
respiratory care [link]
ward, transfer to [link]
pre-critical care interventions[link]
acute deterioration, methods of improving [link]
mortality rates, sub-optimal care pre-ICU admission [link]
secondary transfer[link]
inter-hospital [link]
intra-hospital [link]
patient preparation [link]

critical care environment[link]

admission guidelines [link]
discharge guidelines [link]
and infection [link]
proritizing, and bed availability [link]

critical care outreach[link]

aims of [link]
dischart TISS and post-discharge mortality [link]
levels of care [link]
medical emerency teams [link]

critical care scoring systems[link]

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) [link]
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) [link]
Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) [link], [link]
Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) [link]

critical care unit, pregnant patient in[link]

admission, common causes of [link]
Caesarean section, preparation for [link]
electronic foetal monitoring (EFM) [link]
foetal oxygenation, maintenance of [link]
foetus, effect of commonly used drugs on [link]

D

dalteparin [link]

danaparoid [link]

dantrolene [link]

delirium[link]

definition of [link]
hyperactive [link]
hypoactive [link]
management of [link]
risk factors predisposing to [link]

desflurane [link]

dexmedetomidine [link]

diabetes insipidus (DI)[link][link]

causes [link]
clinical features [link]
management [link]

diabetic ketoacidosis[link][link]

clinical features [link]
management[link]
airway protection [link]
correct hyperglycaemia [link]
electrolyte depletion [link]
metabolic acidosis [link]
rehydration [link]
thrombo-embolism prevention [link]
predisposing factors [link]

diamorphine [link]

diarrhoea[link]

enteral nutrition [link]
gut function assessment [link]
infective causes [link]
management [link]
non-infective causes [link]
prevention [link]

diazepam [link]

digoxin [link]

dihydrocodeine [link]

diltiazem [link]

discharge guidelines [link]

disorientation see sensory imbalance

diuretics [link]

dobutamine [link]

Doppler ultrasound[link]

blood velocity profile [link]
contraindications [link]
oesophageal probe insertion [link]
transcranial [link]
waveform response [link]

drowning see near drowning

drug overdose see illicit drug overdose

dying patients

family and loved ones, supporting [link], [link]
nursing interventions [link]
priorities of [link]
treatment withdrawal decision [link]

E

eclampsia [link]

ecstasy [link]

electrical cardioversion[link]

biphasic defibrillator [link]
indications for use [link]
monophasic defibrillator [link]
synchronized defibrillation, method for [link]

electrocardiogram[link][link]

analysis of[link]
ischaemic heart disease [link]
other diseases [link]
pericardial heart disease [link]
ventricular and atrial hypertrophy [link]
basic principles [link]
chest lead positions [link]
electrode placement [link], [link]
monitor adjustment [link]
QRS complex [link], [link], [link], [link]
rhythm strip analysis [link]
timing of [link]

electroencephalogram (EEG) [link], [link]

electrolytes[link]

aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) [link]
anion gap [link]
blood transfusions [link]
chloride and bicarbonate [link]
enteral nutrition [link]
hyperkalaemia, causes of [link]
hypernatraemia, causes of [link]
hypokalaemia, causes of [link]
hyponatraemia, causes of [link]
metabolic acidosis [link]
pancreatitis [link]
parenteral nutrition [link]
plasma ranges, normal [link]

electronic foetal monitoring (EFM) [link]

Emergency Response Team call criteria (UCL) [link]

enalapril [link]

encephalitis [link], [link]

endotracheal tubes[link]

complications [link]
cuff management [link]
intubation, indications for [link]
tube, securing [link]
tubes, size of [link]
tubes, types of [link]

enoxaparin [link]

enteral nutrition[link][link][link][link]

advantages [link]
complications[link]
abdominal distension [link]
aspiration [link]
constipation [link]
cramping [link]
diarrhoea [link]
electrolyte/trace element abnormality [link]
hypercapnia [link]
mechanical [link]
disadvantages [link]
enteral feeding [link]
patient care[link]
feed tolerance, checking [link]
tube obstruction, preventing [link]
tube placement, monitoring [link]
prokinetic agents [link]
tube types[link]
fine-bore nasogastric tubes [link]
nasojejunal tube [link]
percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PEG) [link]
percutaneous jejunostomy tube (PEJ) [link]
wide-bore nasogastric tubes [link]

epidemics, infectious [link], [link]

epinephrine [link], [link], [link]

equipment checks [link], [link], [link], [link]

erythrocyte disorders[link]

polycythaemia [link]
sickle cell anaemia [link]

esmolol [link], [link]

ethanol [link]

ethical issues[link]

ethical dilemmas [link]
ethical principles [link]

evidence-based care[link]

evidence levels [link]
qualitative research [link]
quantitative research [link]
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [link]

extubation[link]

complications [link]
patient preparation [link]
principles of [link]
short tem ventilation: indications for extubation [link]

eye care[link]

dry eyes [link]
exposure keratopathy [link]
eye assessment [link]
eye infections [link]
neurological care [link]
tear film [link]

F

fentanyl [link], [link], [link]

fluids, and neurological care[link]

electrolytes [link]
fluid regulation [link]
fluid therapy [link]
hypernatraemia[link]
brain stem dead [link]
dehydration [link]
diabetus insipidus (DI) [link]
pituitary dysfunction [link]
hyponatraemia
central salt wasting (CSW) [link]
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) [link]

flumazenil [link], [link]

follow-up[link]

delusional memory, definitions of [link]
post-critical care follow-up clinics [link]
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [link]
recovery, aiding [link]

forced vital capacity (FVC) [link]

furosemide [link]

G

gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) [link]

gases

carriage of[link]
carbon dioxide [link]
cellular energy production [link]
oxygen, and haemoglobin [link]
exchange of[link][link]
dead space [link], [link]
in lungs [link], [link]
ventilation/perfusion matching [link], [link]
movement of[link][link]
breathing, work of [link]
expiration, normal [link]
inspiration, normal [link]
lung tissue elasticity [link]
lung volume definitions [link]
respiratory system compliance [link]

gastric hypomotility[link]

gastrointestinal hypomotility [link]
vomiting [link]

gastrointestinal haemorrhage see acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage

gastrointestinal physiology[link]

colon [link]
gall bladder [link]
GIT functions [link]
oesophagus [link]
oropharyngeal cavity [link]
pancreas [link]
rectum [link]
small intestine [link]
stomach [link]

gate control theory [link]

generalized convulsive status epilepticus (SE)[link]

causes [link]
diagnosis [link]
patient care [link]
treatment algorithm [link]

genitourinary injuries[link]

lower genitourinary [link]
nursing observations [link]
upper genitourinary [link]

Glasgow Coma Score [link], [link]

glomerulonephritis see acute glomerulonephritis

glyceril trinitrate [link]

Goodpasture’s disease [link]

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)[link]

diagnosis [link]
patient care[link]
autonomic dysfunction [link]
blood pressure [link]
cardiac arrhythmia [link]
motor/sensory function [link]
myasthenic versus cholinergic crisis [link], [link]
pain management [link]
tracheal intubation [link]
precautions/contraindications [link]
signs and symptoms [link]
treatment [link]

H

haemodialysis [link]

haemotological malignancy[link]

cardiac disturbances [link]
following surgical procedures [link]
graft versus host disease [link]
haemorrhage [link]
hypercalcaemia [link]
infections [link]
respiratory failure [link]
tumour lysis syndrome [link]

haloperidol [link]

head injuries[link]

complications [link]
management [link]
raised intracranial pressure [link]
secondary brain damage [link]
skull fractures [link] see also traumatic brain injury (TBI)

heart failure see acute heart failure

HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome [link]

heparin [link], [link], [link]

heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome (HITS) [link]

hepato-renal syndrome [link], [link]

heroin (diamorphine) [link]

high frequency ventilation (HFV)[link]

high frequency jet ventillation [link]
high frequency oscillation [link]

hirudin [link]

hospital acquired infection (HAI)[link][link]

critical care, limiting infection in [link]
hand hygiene compliance [link], [link]
incidence and cost of [link]
infection control measures [link]
intravascular device infection, limiting [link]
microbiology [link]
MRSA [link]
nosocomial infection rates in intensive care, factors affecting [link]
reasons for [link]
unit layout and design [link]
urinary tract infection, limiting [link]
ventilator-associated pneumonia infection, limiting [link]

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS) [link]

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[link]

AIDS related malignancies [link]
complications [link]
critical care unit, admission to [link]
virology [link]

humidification[link]

cold water humidifiers [link]
heat moisture exchanger (HME) [link]
hot water bath humidifiers [link]
nebulizers [link]
normal saline instillation [link]
optimal method [link]

hydralazine [link]

hydrocephalus [link]

hypercalcaemia[link]

calcium, function of [link]
causes [link]
clinical features [link]
management [link]

hypercapnia[link][link]

permissive hypercapnia [link]
tracheal gas insufflation [link]

hyperglycaemia[link][link][link][link]

conscious level [link]
fluid replacement [link]
insulin therapy [link]
predisposing factors [link]
prophylactic anticoagulation [link]

hyperkalaemia [link], [link], [link]

hyperlipidaemia [link]

hypermagnesaemia [link]

hypernatraemia [link], [link]

hypertension[link]

acute hypertensive crisis [link]
drugs used in treatment of [link]
hypertensive emergency, manifestations of [link]
malignant encephalopathy [link]
primary [link]
secondary [link]

hyperthyroidism[link]

causes [link]
clinical features [link]
management [link]
predisposing factors [link]
thyroid crisis [link]
treatment [link]

hypocalcaemia[link]

causes [link]
clinical features [link]
management [link]
signs of [link]

hypoglycaemia[link][link]

causes [link]
clinical features [link]
management [link]

hypokalaemia [link], [link]

hypomagnesaemia [link]

hyponatraemia [link], [link]

hypotension[link]

acute renal failure [link]
anaphylactic reactions [link]
cardiogenic [link]
causes of [link]
drugs used in treatment of [link]
haemodynamic parameters [link]
hypovolaemia [link]
immediate responses [link]
inflammatory [link]
obstructive [link]
organ hypoperfusion, manifestations of [link]
other [link]
treatment aims [link]

hypothermia[link][link]

causes [link]
complications [link]
features [link]
management [link]
rewarming [link]

hypothyroidism[link]

causes [link]
clinical features [link]
myxoedema coma [link]
sick euthyroid (low 3 syndrome) [link]
treatment [link]

hypovolaemia [link], [link], [link]

hypovolaemic shock [link]

hypoxaemia [link], [link], [link], [link]

hypoxia [link], [link]

I

illicit drug overdose[link]

amphetamines [link]
barbiturates [link]
benzodiazepines [link]
cocaine [link]
ecstasy [link]
gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) [link]
heroin (diamorphine) [link]
management [link]

immobility complications[link]

chest infection [link]
constipation, and decreased gut motility [link]
DVT, and peripheral oedema [link]
interventions [link]
joint stiffness/contractures [link]
long bone density, loss of [link]
muscle atrophy [link]
nephrolithiasis [link]
peripheral nerve injury [link]
pressure sores [link]
urinary tract infection [link]

immune system[link]

cells[link]
antibodies [link]
B cells [link]
cytokines [link]
dendritic cells [link]
granulocytes [link]
natural killer (NK) cells [link]
phagocytes [link]
T cells [link]
and gastrointestinal tract [link]
organs[link]
bone marrow [link]
lymph nodes [link]
spleen [link]
thymus [link]

immunocompromised patient [link]

impulse conduction disorders (arrhythmias)[link][link]

first degree heart block [link]
second degree heart block [link]
third degree (complete) heart block [link]
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) [link]

impulse formation disorders (arrhythmias)[link][link]

atrial ectopic beats (APCs - atrial premature contractions) [link]
atrial fibrillation (AF) [link]
atrial flutter [link]
AV junctional (nodal) premature beats (ectopics) [link]
junctional nodal rhythm [link]
junctional (nodal) tachycardia [link]
sick synus syndrome [link]
sinus arrhythmia [link]
sinus bradycardia [link]
sinus tachycardia [link]
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) [link]
torsades de pointes [link]
ventricular fibrillation (VF) [link]
ventricular premature contractions (ectopics) (VEs) [link]
ventricular tachycardia (VT) [link]

infectious epidemics[link]

critical care demand, managing [link]
critical care pandemic planning [link]
flu pandemic [link]
SARS [link]

infective endocarditis (IE)[link]

features [link]
management [link]
risk factors [link]

intermittent positive pressure ventilation see IPPV

intra-abdominal pressure (IAP)[link][link]

Burch’s grading system [link], [link]
causes of [link]
effects of [link]
management of [link]
patient positioning [link]
recording [link]
urinary catheter, use of [link]

intracranial pressure (ICP)[link]

aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) [link]
complications [link]
directed therapy [link], [link]
intraventricular monitoring [link]
subdural monitoring [link]
types of [link]
uses of [link]

intravenous immunoglobin (IVIg) [link]

intubation[link]

anaesthetist instructions [link]
complications [link]
cricoid pressure [link]
equipment for [link]
patient preparation [link]
post-intubation [link]
procedure [link]
safety priorities [link]

IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation)[link]

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [link]
asthma, acute [link]
bronchopleural fistulae [link]
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [link]
endotracheal tubes [link]
general care [link]
indications[link]
acute ventilatory failure [link]
hypoxaemia [link]
increased work of breathing [link]
indications for [link]
respiratory falure [link]
risks and complications [link]
patent airway [link]
patient positioning [link]
physiological effects[link]
barotrauma, increased incidence of [link]
decreased cardiac output and venous return [link]
urine output, decreased [link]
pneumonia [link]
pneumothorax [link]
pulmonary embolus (PE) [link]
suctioning [link]
tension pneumothorax [link]
tracheostomy [link], [link]
ventilation modes[link]
assist/control (triggered) mechanical ventilation [link]
choice of [link]
controlled mechanical ventilation [link]
pressure support ventilation or assist [link]
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation [link]
weaning[link]
long-term ventilated patient [link], [link]
readiness, determining [link]
spontaneous breathing trial [link], [link]

isoflurane [link]

J

jugular venous bulb oximetry[link]

SjvO2 management [link]
troubleshooting [link]

K

ketamine [link]

L

labetolol [link]

lactate[link]

biochemistry [link]
lactic acidosis [link]
measurement [link]

lepirudin [link]

leukocyte disorders[link]

leukaemia[link]
acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL) [link]
acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) [link]
chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CALL) [link]
chronic myeloid leukaemia (AML) [link]
neutropenia [link]

lidocaine (lignocaine)[link][link]

dosage [link]
indications [link]
side effects [link]

life-threatening events, prevention of [link]

lithium chloride [link]

liver failure see acute liver failure

liver function[link]

hepatocyte functions[link]
bile production [link]
bilrubin elimination [link]
coagulation factors, synthesis of [link]
degradation of drugs for excretion [link]
fat metabolism [link]
gluconeogenesis [link]
glycogenolysis and glucose release [link]
glycogen storage [link]
hormone catabolism [link]
mineral storage [link]
protein metabolism [link]
tests[link]
bilirubin [link]
hepatocellular damage markers [link]
normal values [link]
obstruction (cholestasis) markers [link]
reduced synthetic function markers [link]

liver transplantation [link]

living will [link]

lorazepam [link]

M

magnesium[link][link]

hypermagnesaemia [link]
hypomagnesaemia [link]
normal plasma values [link]

magnesium sulphate[link]

dosage [link]
indications [link]
side effects [link]

major incident, and critical care[link]

blast injury [link]
infectious epidemics [link]
response systems [link]
staff training [link]

mannitol [link]

maxillofacial injuries[link]

management [link]
specific fractures[link]
larynx [link]
mandible [link]
maxilla [link]
nasal [link]
zygoma [link]

meningitis [link], [link]

mental capacity, and advanced directives[link]

advanced directives (living will) [link]
capacity, determining [link]
life-sustaining treatments, decisions regarding [link]
patient autonomy [link]

metabolic acidosis [link]

methanol [link]

metoprolol [link]

microbiology[link]

blood cultures [link]
hospital acquired infection [link]
intravascular cannulae tips for culture [link]
samples, taking [link]
sputum [link]
urine [link]
wound swabs [link]

midazolam [link]

milrinone [link]

monitoring safety [link]

morphine [link], [link]

MRSA [link] see also hospital acquired infection (HAI)

multi-organ dysfunction syndrome [link]

musculoskeletal injuries[link]

complications [link]
flaps [link]
limb observation [link]
nursing management [link]

musculoskeletal pain [link]

myasthenia gravis[link]

diagnosis [link]
patient care [link]
precautions/contraindications [link]
signs and symptoms [link]
treatment[link]
anticholinesterase agents [link]
azathioprine [link]
intravenous immunoglobin (IVIg) [link]
neostigmine [link]
plasma exchange (PX) [link]
prednisolone [link]
pyrodistigmine [link]
thymectomy [link]

myocardial infarction [link]

myocarditis[link]

causes [link]
clinical features [link]
investigations [link]
management [link]

myxoedema see hypothyroidism

N

n-acetylcysteine (NAC) [link]

N-acetylcystine [link]

naloxone [link], [link]

NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benziquinoneime) [link]

near drowning[link]

dry drowning [link]
management [link]
wet drowning [link]

neostigmine [link]

neurological assessment[link]

blood pressure [link]
clinical observation [link]
conscious level assessment [link]
electrocardiogram changes [link]
limb assessment [link]
pupillary response [link]
temperature [link]

neurological care[link]

aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) [link]
brainstem testing, and organ donation [link], [link]
cardiovascular [link]
central nervous system, infection and inflammation [link]
communication [link]
cranial nerve dysfunction [link]
elimination [link]
eye care [link]
generalized convulsive status epilepticus [link]
general principles [link]
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) [link]
myasthenia gravis [link]
neurological observations [link]
neurology [link]
nutrition [link]
oral care [link]
positioning and mobility [link]
respiratory [link]
sedation/analgesia/NMBAs [link]
sleep deprivation [link]
traumatic brain injury (TBI) [link]

neurological monitoring[link]

bisprectral index monitor (BIS) [link]
cerebral function monitor (CFM) [link]
electroencephalogram (EEG) [link]
intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring [link], [link]
jugular venous bulb oximetry [link]

nimodipine [link]

nitiric oxide (NO) [link]

non-invasive ventilation (NIV)[link]

Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) [link]
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) [link]
contraindications for [link]
indications for [link]
non-invasive ventilators [link]
types of [link]

non-oliguric ARF [link]

noradrenaline (norepinephrine) [link], [link]

nosocomial infections see hospital acquired infection (HAI)

NSAIDS (non-sterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs) [link], [link]

nursing effect[link]

nurse experience [link]
nurse/patient ratio [link]

nutrition[link]

acute renal failure [link]
daily requirements
electrolytes [link]
minerals [link]
protein carbohydrate fats [link]
vitamins [link]
gut function assessment [link]
malnutrition assessment [link]
neurological care [link]
nutritional delivery modes [link]
pancreatitis [link]
parenteral, patient care[link][link]
central venous catheter [link]
metabolic [link]
re-feeding syndrome [link] see also enteral nutrition

O

obstetric emergencies[link]

amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) [link]
cardiac arrest, pregnant patient [link]
critical care unit, pregnant patient in [link]
HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome [link]
obstetric haemorrhage [link]
pre-eclampsia and eclampsia [link]

obstetric haemorrhage[link]

causes [link]
management [link]
risk factors [link]

oesphageal pain [link]

oliguria [link]

opiates [link], [link]

opioids [link]

oral hygiene[link]

chlorhexidine mouth rinse [link]
mouth assessment tool [link], [link]
saliva flow [link]

organ donation see brainstem testing

oxygenation, improving in ventilated patient[link]

nitiric oxide (NO) [link]
positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) [link]
prone positioning [link]

oxygen delivery and consumption[link]

oxygen consumption (VO2) [link]
oxygen delivery (DO2) [link]
oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) [link]

oxygen therapy[link]

alveolar collapse [link]
hypoxaemic patients [link]
modes of delivery[link]
nasal cannulae [link]
nebulizers [link]
non-rebreath masks [link]
semi-rigid masks [link]
venturi-type masks [link]
nebulizers [link]
nitrogen washout [link]
situations for [link]

P

pacing[link]

bipolar electrodes [link]
pacemaker, care of patient with [link]
pacing modes [link]
pacing routes [link]
pacing threshold [link]
tachycardia, overdrive pacing for [link]
unipolar electrodes [link]

pain management[link][link]

non-pharmacological methods [link]
pain, perception of [link]
pain assessment [link], [link]
pain relief [link]
pharmacological methods[link]
opioids (opioid analgesia) [link]
paracetamol/ NSAIDS [link]
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) [link]

pancreatitis[link]

diagnosis [link]
drainage [link]
electrolyte imbalances [link]
hyperglycaemia [link]
hypocalcaemia [link]
laboratory data [link]
management [link]
nutrition [link]
pain [link]
secondary infection [link]
signs and symptoms [link]

paracetamol[link][link][link]

poisoning[link]
investigations [link]
liver transplantation [link]
management [link]
methionine [link]
n-acetylcysteine (NAC) [link]
NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benziquinoneime) [link]
symptoms [link]
toxic effects [link]

patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) [link]

patient perspective[link][link]

endotracheal tube, discomfort due to [link]
functional status [link]
health-related quality of life [link]
impairment [link]
mortality rates [link]
quality of life years (QALY) [link]
touch, importance of [link]
ventilator disconnection, fear of [link]

patient safety [link]

PEEP (positive and expiratory pressure) [link], [link], [link]

pelvic fractures [link]

pericardial tamponade[link]

causes [link]
chest injuries [link]
management [link]

pericarditis[link][link]

causes [link]
complications [link]
management [link]

pethidine [link]

phaeochromocytoma[link]

clinical features [link]
diagnosis [link]
management [link]
treatment [link]

phenoxybenzamine [link]

phentolamine [link], [link]

phenytoin [link]

plasma exchange (PX) [link]

pleuritic pain [link]

pneumonia[link]

management of [link]
ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) [link]

pneumothorax[link]

bronchopleural fistula [link]
pneumothorax [link]
tension pneumothorax [link]

poisoning[link]

carbon monoxide [link]
causes of [link]
critical care unit, admission to [link]
diagnosis[link]
history [link]
investigations [link]
physical examination [link]
illicit drug overdose [link]
management of[link]
antidotes [link]
continued supportive therapy [link]
initial management [link]
poison absorption, decreasing [link]
poison excretion, increasing [link]
paracetamol [link]
salicylate [link]
toxidromes [link]
tricyclic antidepressant poisoning [link]

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [link]

prednisolone [link]

pre-eclampsia[link]

clinical features [link]
complications [link]
management [link]

pre-renal ARF [link]

propanolol [link], [link]

propofol [link], [link]

prostacycline/epoprostenol (PGI2) or prostol (PGE1) [link]

pulmonary artery catheter

insertion and removal [link]
use [link]

pulmonary embolus (PE)[link][link]

anticoagulant and thrombolytic regimens [link]
diagnosis [link]
management [link]
symptoms [link]

pulmonary function tests[link]

arterial blood gases [link]
capnography [link]
compliance [link]
lung volumes [link]
pneumotachograph, manometry [link]
pressure-volume curve [link]
pulse oximetry [link]
spirometry, electronic flowmetry [link]
ventilation/perfusion match [link]
Wright meter [link]

pulse contour analysis (PiCCO) [link]

pulse oximetry[link][link]

accuracy [link]
care [link]

pyrodistigmine (mestonon) [link]

Q

QRS complex [link], [link], [link]

quality of care[link]

accountability [link]
clinical governance [link]
iatrogenic adverse events, incidence of [link]
quality assessment [link]

quality of life years (QALY) [link]

R

ramipril [link]

remifentanil [link]

renal failure see acute renal failure

renal replacement therapy[link]

aims of [link]
indications[link]
elevated/rising urea [link]
fluid overload [link]
hyperkalaemia [link]
metabolic acidosis [link]
severe uraemic symptoms [link]
toxin clearance [link]
physiological principles[link]
buffers [link]
diffusion [link]
ultrafiltration [link]
types of[link][link]
continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH) [link]
haemofiltration [link]
intermittent haemodialysis [link]
vascular access [link]

respiration, patient assessment[link]

ausculcate [link]
measure[link]
arterial blood gases [link]
pulse oximetry [link]
respiratory rate [link]
observation[link]
accessory muscles use [link]
patient colour [link]
patient condition [link]
respiratory pattern/chest wall movement [link]
pulpate [link]

respiratory monitoring[link]

blood gas analysis [link]
capnography [link]
pulmonary function tests [link]
pulse oximetry [link]

respiratory support: mechanical ventilation

arterial blood gas analysis [link]
high frequency ventilation (HFV) [link]
hypercapnia, in severe pulmonary disease, managing [link]
hypoxaemia [link]
non-invasive ventilation (NIV) [link]
oxygenation, improving [link]
oxygen therapy [link]
pressure-volume relationship [link]
tissue hypoxia [link]
trouble shooting[link]
autopeep [link]
high airway pressure [link]
high minute volume [link]
hypercapnia [link]
hypoxaemia [link]
low airway pressure [link]
low minute volume [link] see also gases; IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation); ventilator settings

rhabdomyolysis [link]

rheumatoid arthritis[link]

management of [link]
symptoms of [link]

Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) [link]

rTPA [link]

S

safety[link]

backup equipment [link]
fire safety [link]
increased risks [link]
protective clothing [link]
safety precautions, essential [link]

SAH see aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)

salicylate poisoning[link]

investigations [link]
management [link]
symptoms [link]

sedation[link]

assessment of [link]
bispectral index monitoring (BIS™) [link]
goals of [link]

sedative drugs[link]

a2 agonists [link]
benzodiazepines [link]
doses [link]
inhalation agents [link]
ketamine [link]
major tranquilizers [link]
propofol [link]

sensory imbalance[link]

environmental factors [link]
incomprehensible sounds [link]
light levels [link]
noise levels [link]
nursing interventions [link]
predisposing factors [link]

sepsis[link]

early goal-directed resuscitation [link]
management of [link]
sedation/analgesia/neuromuscular blockade in [link]
severe [link] see also systemic inflammatory response syndrome

septicaemia [link]

septic shock [link]

serology [link]

sevoflurane [link]

sickle cell anaemia[link]

management [link]
sickle cell crisis [link]

SIRS see systemic inflammatory response syndrome

sleep deprivation[link]

contributing factors [link]
diurnal cycle, and cortisol levels [link]
effects of [link]
neurological care [link]
nursing interventions [link]

sodium bicarbonate [link]

sodium nitropurusside [link]

spinal injuries[link]

airway maintenance [link]
breathing [link]
circulation [link]
nursing management [link]

stable angina [link]

staffing[link]

allied health professionals (AHPs)[link]
dietician [link]
occupational therapist [link]
pharmacist [link]
speech and language therapist [link]
medical staff[link]
compentency-based training programmes [link]
intensive care specialists [link]
medical leadership [link]
nursing staff[link]
nursing establishment, calculating [link]
nursing roles [link]
nursing workload [link]

status epilepticus (SE) see generalized convulsive status epilepticus

streptokinase [link], [link]

stress (patient)[link][link][link]

anxiety [link], [link]
communication problems [link]
definition of [link]
fear [link]
noise levels [link], [link]
physiological effects of [link]

stress (staff)[link]

burnout [link]
coping mechanisms [link]
staff stress, decreasing [link]
stressors [link]

subarachnoid haemorrhage see aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)[link]

definitions [link]
organ manifestations[link][link]
cardiovascular [link]
gastrointestinal [link]
haematological [link]
hepatic [link]
renal [link]
respiratory [link]
physiology overview[link]
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) [link]
endothelial damage [link]
inflammatory pathway activation [link]
non-specific physiological alterations (sepsis and SIRS) [link]
white cell activation [link]
supportive management[link]
haemotological function, maintaining [link]
nutritional support [link]
preventive measures [link]
renal support [link]
sedation/analgesia/neuromuscular blockade [link]
tight glucose control [link]
triggers of [link]
ventilatory management [link]

systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)[link]

manifestations of [link]
treatment [link]

T

team working[link]

multi-professional patient record [link]
multi-professional ward round [link]

temperature measurement [link]

tension pneumothorax [link], [link]

terrorist events [link]

thrombocyte disorders[link]

drug-induced thrombocytopenia [link]
haemolytic uraemic syndrome [link]
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome (HITS) [link]
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura [link]
thrombocytopenia [link]
thrombotic microangiopathy [link]
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [link]

thrombolytics [link], [link], [link]

thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary) [link]

thyrotoxicosis see hyperthyroidism

thyroxine [link]

tinzaparin [link]

TISS (Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System) [link]

tissue hypoxia[link]

anaemic hypoxia [link]
circulaory hypoxia [link]
histotoxic hypoxia [link]
hypoxic hypoxia [link]

toxicology [link]

toxidromes [link]

tracheostomy[link]

complications [link]
neurological care [link]
percutaneous dilational tracheotomy [link]
surgical tracheotomy [link]
tubes, sizes [link]
tubes, types of [link]

tracheostomy tube, patient care[link]

decannulation [link]
Passy-Muir valves, use of [link]
safety priorities [link]
stoma care [link]
tracheal inner cannulae care [link]
tracheostomy, restrictions with [link]
tube, changing [link]

trauma[link]

abdominal injuries [link]
burn injuries [link]
chest injuries [link]
complications following[link]
air embolism [link]
compartment syndrome [link]
fat embolism syndrome [link]
hypovolaemic shock [link]
genitourinary injuries [link]
head injuries [link]
hypothermia [link]
initial management[link]
critical care unit, arrival on [link]
definitive care phase [link]
equipment preparation checklist [link]
primary survey (ABCDE) [link]
secondary survey [link]
intra-abdominal hypertension [link]
maxillofacial injuries [link]
musculoskeletal injuries [link]
near drowning [link]
nursing assessment[link]
cardiovascular assessment [link]
chest drains [link]
gastro-intestinal assessment [link]
limb assessment [link]
neurological assessment [link]
renal assessment [link]
respiratory assessment [link]
skin assessment [link]
pelvic fractures [link]
spinal injuries [link]

traumatic brain injury (TBI)[link]

contusions/lacerations [link]
diffuse axonal injury (DAI) [link]
extradural haematoma (EDH) [link]
intracerebral haematoma [link]
patient care [link]
precautions/contraindications [link]
secondary brain injury [link]
skull fracture [link]
subdural haematoma (SDH) [link]
traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage [link]

tricyclic antidepressant poisoning[link]

investigations [link]
management [link]
symptoms [link]

U

unit design[link]

additional facilities [link]
location [link]
unit design [link]

unstable angina [link]

urea [link]

urinanalysis [link]

urokinase [link]

V

vasculitic disorders[link]

polyarteritis nodosa [link]

ventilator settings[link]

airway pressure [link]
flow rate [link]
initial settings [link]
inspiratory:expiratory ratio [link]
minute volume [link]
positive and expiratory pressure [link]
pressure support/assist [link]
respiratory rate [link]
tidal volume [link]
trigger sensitivity [link]

verapamil[link][link]

dosage [link]
indications [link]
side effects [link]

virology[link]

antibiotic assays [link]
fungi [link]
hepatitis screening [link]
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [link]
viral antigen antibodies [link]
viral culture [link]

vomiting [link]

W

warfarin [link]

weaning, from mechanical ventilation[link]

COPD cases [link]
long-term ventilated patient[link]
factors preventing [link]
professionals involved [link]
techniques [link]
weaning failure, factors contributing to [link]
readiness, determining [link]
spontaneous breathing trial [link], [link]
Wegener’s granulomatosis [link]

wound care [link]






The Oxford Handbook of Critical Care Nursing provides nurses working in critical care with an easily accessible guide to the knowledge and nursing care skills needed in critical care. Patient-centred, this is the essential practical resource for all nurses working in critical care.

Disclaimer

Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.

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